6-4-2014

philosophers	Aristotle	Aquinas	Machiavelli	Hobbes	Locke
summum bonum	Contemplation	Unity w/god	Power/expression of will	Pleasure/survival	Pleasure/survival
Highest faculty	Reason	Will	Cleverness	Passion	passion
Telos	Yes	Yes	½ yes, but relative seeking power	No, it is pleasure	No, it is pleasure
“Target”	On your level	Above you	Where you keep it	nowhere	Nowhere
Y is Target hard to see	Fussy	Looking in the wrong places, need direction from god.	It’s not	What target (it moves)	What target (it moves)
liberty	Freedom to do what you should by nature.	Freedom to do what you should by nature or grace.	Not important	Do what ever you want.	Do what ever you want.
Naturally social	Yes, because reason is perfected in conversation	Yes, because reason and will is perfected in conversation w/god	Yes, when useful	No, in a state of war	No, in a state of love
Original source of morality.	natural	Super natural	Morality?	Leviathan	Reason

Aristotle contributed

1.     Telos of man

2.     All men have happiness

3.     The summum bonum is contemplation

4.     Reason is the highest faculty

5.     Virtue is natural

Aquinas contributed

1.     Will

2.     Nature perfected by grace

3.     Philosophy plus theology

Machiavelli contributed

1.     Practical over ideal

2.     Expression of thy own will

3.     Virtu

4.     Formal father of utilitarianism

Hobbes contributed

1.     Man is a-social and amoral

2.     Morality is convention

3.     Nature is in a state of war

Locke contributed

1.     Man is an a-social and moral

2.     Modern definition of liberty

3.     Self evident rights

4.     Formal father of egalitarianism

Aquinas and Aristotle both believe that the pursuit of natural virtue is a good habit to form and necessary for perfection.
Aristotle believes that man is perfected naturally and does not need super nature.

Aquinas says that nature in itself is not enough for man’s perfection.

The scholastics and Machiavelli both believe that virtue/virtu is necessary in some circumstances; they believe there is a time and place for everything.

Machiavelli would say that specifically a Prince should know when to be virtuous or to look virtuous and when not too look or be virtuous.

Aristotle and Aquinas believed that virtue is dependent on the individual’s situation but that the exercise of virtue in each situation is a requirement to seek and achieve perfection.

The scholastics and the enlightenment both agree that liberty is some sort of degree of an allowance of human action.

Aquinas and Aristotle agree that liberty is the freedom to do what you should by a specific nature; either natural in the case of Aristotle or supernatural In the case of Aquinas.

The enlightenment would say that liberty is freedom to do whatever you want.

The enlightenment agrees that nature cannot speak.

Hobbes would say nature cannot have the time to think or speak because it is in constant competition for pleasure.

Locke would say that nature does not normally speak, it is not normally social but at the same time it loves itself and therefore others.